Cognitive distortionsfaulty information processing core irrational beliefs which create a psychological vulnerability to depression. At the moment, those of us teasing out the neurobiology of depression somewhat resemble blind searchers feeling different parts. This theory is called the biopsychosocial model of causation and is the most generally accepted theory among mental health professionals and researchers of the cause of disorders such as depression. Besides the fact that antidepression drugs are all monoamine agonists, there is other evidence that supports the theory. Robert baralcounselingcase study depression 4022004 adpage 4 medication and initial therapy is certainly reasonable. Seligman 1973 referred to depression as the common cold of psychiatry because of its frequency of diagnosis. The biological explanation of depression specifically refers to. Additionally, an individuals selfconfidence, personality traits such as dependency on others or perfectionism and unrealistic expectations may lead to depression. Psychological theories of depression 23 mar depression is an illness that presents an individual with a desolate mood, a loss of interest and pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self worth, disrupted sleep pattern or appetite, a loss of energy and poor concentration. Although brain chemicals are certainly part of the cause, this explanation is too simplistic. Alloy northwestern university we present a revision of the 1978 reformulated theory of helplessness and depression and call it the hopelessness theory of depression. The psychological makeup of a person dictates how each stimulus will be interpreted and assigned an emotional valence. A loss of interest in activities or feeling sad and down are symptoms that characterize this condition.
Biological theory of depression in the light of new evidence. Stewart, 2010 the psychological causes of depression are very vast, however three theories on how depression comes about will be explored in this essay. This heterogeneity may account for the following open issues about antidepressant therapy. To our knowledge, we offer the first intraindividual, symptombased, process model with the potential to. Fourquadrant investigation of jobrelated affects and behaviours pdf. Monoamines andor their metabolites can be measured within the cerebrospinal fluid csf. Compare and contrast two theories of major depression. A read is counted each time someone views a publication summary such as the title, abstract, and list of authors, clicks on a figure, or views or downloads the fulltext. Unlike biology, psychology is not truly a unified field. Depression may be related to many factors, including a family history of depression, medical illnesses, alcohol, drugs, gender, and age. According to the cognitive theory of depression, peoples at. Behavioural activation for depression professor david veale.
What would constitute an adequate cognitive theory of depression. However, for some individuals, the intensity and persistence of depressive symptoms. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Integrating neurobiological markers of depression pdf. Whether as a cause or an effect, depression and changes in brain structure. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive symptoms. It chronicles the studies that prompted the theory of learned helplessness and provides a cogent and comprehensive summary of the research up to the books publication in 1995 on the phenomenon. Depression has many theories which have different implications for the therapy that is used to treat it. Depression is a mood disorder which prevents individuals from leading a normal life, at work socially or within their family. Psychology of depression psychodynamic theories depression.
Danielle lynn mitchell, master of science, 2006 thesis directed by. Your doctor may have suggested medication, especially in a severe depression. As long as mcduffie was coaching, mcduffie was happy. There is also some evidence that having your hormones out of balance can contribute to depression. Cognitive theories of depression ellis and bandura gulf bend. New data on the function of the hpa axis and the role of crf in stress response, contribute to the further understanding to the neurobiology of depression.
Biological explanation of depression biological explanations of dysfunctional behaviour centres around physiology, and refers to aspects of biology such as genetics and brain functioning. However, one of the biggest problems for the theory is that of endogenous depression. Signs and symptoms of depression 2 close family members who have experienced depression. Several theories concerning the biologically based cause of depression have been suggested over the years, including theories revolving around monoamine neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity, neurogenesis, inflammation and the circadian rhythm. But it is also a fairly recent and rapidly changing theory. Rick nauert has over 25 years experience in clinical, administrative and academic healthcare. Among other things, freud argued that depression can take two forms.
Abstract depression is one of the most pervasive disorders and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Social environment plays a role in depression both directly and indirectly. Girls are no more likely than boys to evidence depression in childhood, but by about age, girls rates of depression begin to increase sharply, whereas boys rates of depression remain low, and may even decrease. The full extent of those alterations is still being explored, but in the past few decadesand especially in the past several yearsefforts to identify them have progressed rapidly.
Department of pharmacology, faculty of pharmacy, pakistan. Uncovering the biology of depression jonathan hwang jonathan. You may have heard that depression is the result of a simple imbalance of brain chemicals. These theories stem from work concerning the principles of learning and conditioning from the early to mid1900s. All of these theories describe one or several aspects of depression and can be helpful in treatment. Depression can affect anyone at any age though it does seem to be more prominent in females. Behavioral theories of depression emphasize the role maladaptive actions play in the onset and maintenance of depression. Both freuds and beck s theory of depression reduce depression down to the loss of a loved one and the way we think, in addition both theories do not consider other possible factors such as genes. By assessing changes in depressive symptoms, height, weight, and body fat over a four.
Even just considering the biological dimension of depression, the brain has multiple layers of complexity. Psychology of depression psychodynamic theories rashmi nemade, ph. Uncovering the biology of depression yale scientific magazine. Directly and indirectly, the social environment plays a role in depression. In 1975, straus, gelles, and steinmetz conducted the first national study of intimate partner. It is very difficult to actually measure the level of neurotransmitters in a persons brain and their activity. Measurements of monoamines and their metabolites in depression consistent findings of low monoamine levels in depressed persons might also be looked to as support for chemical imbalance theories of depression etiology. Understanding the chemistry of depression may help people better understand the treatments available. Chapter 09 depression wayne mcduffie was a football coach with a solid record of achievement at several southeastern universities. Some focus on the biological causes, others on the social or cultural causes.
We are now going to have a brief discussion of the many biological, psychological and social factors that have been identified as being related to major depressive disorder. Biological theories of depression and implications for. Among the most prominent cognitive models of depression to have emerged over the past several. Cognitive theories of depression have long posited that various cognitive biases. Major depressive disorder mdd, also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder. Depression is a complex disorder that involves multiple systems of the body. Biological theories of depression flashcards quizlet. Consequently, the treatment profile is also diversified.
New theory may explain cause of depression and improve. Clinical depression consists of a group of disorders with various causes. Biology of depression neurotransmitters depression. Learn more about the causes, symptoms, types, and treatments for depression. The evolution of antidepressant drugs has, in some ways, been the systematic narrowing down of monoamines to serotonin. The natural course of elevated depressive symptoms or subthreshold depression in patients with an acute coronary syndrome acs is presented, as is the prognostic impact. Three examples of depression theories are rank theory of depression, psychodynamic theory of depression and becks cognitive theory of depression. Depression causes causes of depression howstuffworks.
A significant loss may be enough to trigger depression in one person, but a very similar loss experienced by another person might not cause much of a reaction at all. Just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of. In order to assess extant theories and to speculate about the directions that future theories might take, this question can be broken down into at least three parts. Behavioral theories of depression biology of depression cognitive theory of depression evolutionary approaches to depression existential crisis. Depression differs from simple grief or mourning and can be classified into different types. Reinforcement as a mediating variable between avoidance and depression john p. Depressive disorders are heterogeneous diseases, and the complexity of symptoms has led to the formulation of several aethiopathological hypotheses. Apr, 2012 theories about the causes of depression helplessness and hopelessness being frustrated so many times that you have no hope is surely depressing. Commitmentof the patient involuntarily to a secure psychiatric facility is much less likely if this course of action is followed and should only be considered as a last resort. Biological, psychosocial, and spiritual dimensions and treatment abdulmissagh ghadirian, m. You are also expected to understand a psychological treatment for depression which is linked to these explanations.
Etiologically, first onset of depression at different ages e. The monoamine theory, derived from the efficacy of monoaminergic drugs in treating. Nonbiological explanation ao1 ao2 psychology wizard. Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity. Oct 05, 2011 there are many theories of depression which have different implications for the therapy that is used. Depressive disorders cannot be explained by any single theory, since many different variables are involved. Several lines of evidence suggest that the classic neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and serotonin, play important roles in the pathogenesis of depressive illness. Depression is the most common of the affective disorders.
Fundamentally, such depressive symptoms as sad mood, pessimism, and lethargy, are universal human experiences and are considered normal reactions to the struggles, disappointments, and losses of everyday life. Other biochemical compounds and peptides may also be involved in the etiology of some forms of mood disorders. Clinically, earlier age of onset is associated with a worse course of depression with greater chances of recurrence, chronicity, and impairment. Albert ellis pointed out that the irrational beliefs of people with depression tend to take the form of absolute statements. The etiology of depression depression in parents, parenting.
It outlines the connection between learned helplessness and depression as well as investigating other facets, like the cognitive and biological. Mar 31, 2016 if beck and colleague aim to create a truly integrative theory they will have to find a place for these major developments in the neuropsychopharmacologic science of depression alongside his pioneering contribution to the psychology of depression. Including nonlethal attempts, approximately 2,000,000 teenagers attempt suicide each year. During the 1960s psychodynamic theories dominated psychology and psychiatry. Worldwide, depression is a major cause of disability and premature death. Depression, in psychology, a mood or emotional state marked by feelings of low selfworth or guilt and a reduced ability to enjoy life. These theories include the cognitive behavioural model and the behavioural. No one theory will completely explain the biological bases for depression because depression is really.
Depression has been linked to problems or imbalances in the brain, specifically with the neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. Psychological theories provide evidencebased explanations for why people think, behave, and feel the way they do. The finding brings new insight to longheld theories. Major depression as a complex dynamic system arxiv. Safe and effective psychological treatment options are desirable for subthreshold depression in patients with acs. This theoretical study describes the phenomenon of depression and the use of cognitive therapy in its treatment. Apr 18, 2012 psychological theories of depression 23 mar depression is an illness that presents an individual with a desolate mood, a loss of interest and pleasure, feelings of guilt or low self worth, disrupted sleep pattern or appetite, a loss of energy and poor concentration. These theories are categorized within a paradigm called positivism also known as determinism, which asserts that behaviors, including lawviolating behaviors, are determined by factors largely beyond individual control. Social psychological theories of agression ashbourne. A trial carried out in rural uganda, for example, showed that group interpersonal psychotherapy substantially reduced the symptoms and prevalence of depression among 341 men and women meeting criteria for major or subsyndromal depression. By late adolescence, girls are twice as likely as boys to be depressed, and this gender ratio. Personality factors, history and early experiences.
Theory of pathology depression, suicide and trauma in adolescence 11% of adolescents have a depressive disorder by age 18 suicide. With mourning, depression is a grief reaction to the loss of an actual love object e. They also tend to develop some infuriating habit, like scratching their head or arm until it becomes sore, or pulling their hair and pacing the room. Some research has shown that brain structure or activity is different during depression, and depression is associated with disruptions of the brain chemicals. Physical illnesses, including hypothyroidism and mitochondrial disease, can also trigger depressive.
But coaching in the world of sports is hardly a secure enterprise. Biologicalexplanationsofgeneralized anxietydisorder. According to both the biopsychosocial model and the diathesisstress theory, depressive disorders are caused by many psychological, social, and biological factors. The physical manifestations are common features of depression present in up to 80% of depressed patients 2. Unfortunately, this book cant be printed from the openbook. Hall, 1998 monamine5ht hypothesis just as with schizophrenia, the most popular neurophysiological theory of depression follows from the drugs that are used to treat it.
Biological explanations of aggression ashbourne college. Unipolar major depressive disorder is a common condition that has both emotional mood and anxiety and physical aspects 1. Studies have found a link between chronic stress and anxiety disorders as well as major. Biological theories of crime attempt to explain behaviors contrary to societal expectations through examination of individual characteristics. The above discussion shows how all of the proposed theories of depression are really just different nodes in an interactive matrix.
Current understandings of major depression diathesis. The tendency of human beings to imitate the aggressive behaviour of others, sometimes called modelling, especially where such behaviour is seen to go either unpunished or rewarded in. Psychological theories of depression simply psychology. Hopelessness and worthlessness in 1917, sigmund freud published a book on depression called mourning and melancholia. Those with agitated depression may find that they cannot sit still or stop talking. Cognitive theories of depression ellis and bandura. Jul 08, 2018 home depression 5 new theories on the cause of depression. The unit 2 exam expects you to know about one nonbiological explanation of a disorder other than schizophrenia. Depression is a disorder affecting mood and general outlook. If you need to print pages from this book, we recommend downloading it as a pdf. Hopko the university of tennessee, department of psychology, room 301d, austin peay building, knoxville, tn 379960900, united states. Ellis describes three main irrational beliefs typical of depressive thinking.
Cognitive theories of depression in children and adolescents. Researchers suggest dysfunction in mitochondria the main source of energy for cells may be the root cause of depression. While psychotherapy is helpful for some people with depression, if there is a chemical imbalance in the brain, it may not be enough to address their symptoms. The chemistry of depression neurotransmitters and more. In one study, endorsement of biological causation of depression was linkedtoprognosticpessimismamong symptomatic individuals 22. There are many theories of depression which have different implications for the therapy that is used. While taking medication can be of assistance in overcoming depression, psychological treatments are also available. Typically these are conditional beliefs such as im worthwhile if im loved or if i am achieving adequately. Depression symptoms, causes, medications and therapies. Ask your doctor or mental health practitioner for more details. Five theories have been developed to explain the mechanism of depressive mood disorders, including the monoamine, biorhythm, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, and kindlingneuroplasticity theories. Department of psychology, university of karachi, pakistan. As for the present therapeutic implications, the monoaminergic theory of depression is paralleled with the chronobiolgy theory and mainly with the theory of circadian rhythm dysregulation. We argue that this theory of connectivity provides a framework that people working in the field of holistic treatment and care could use to better understand and respond to the life experience of people living with depression.
What we do know is that antidepressant medications. The current study is designed to examine the relation of depression to a variety of weightrelated variables and body dissatisfaction in children and adolescents. Consid erable research has examined the etiology of depression centering around three seminal cognitive theories. Behavioural activation for depression david veale abstract a formal therapy for depression, behavioural activation focuses on activity scheduling to encourage patients to approach activities that they are avoiding and on analysing the function of cognitive processes e. Social psychological theories of aggression a number of theories have been put forward by psychologists to explain aggression in terms of social or psychological factors.